Desert Survival - Part Two

(Adapted from the U.S. Army Survival Manual)

Need for Water

The subject of man and water in the desert has generated considerable interest and confusion. At one time the U. S. Army thought it could condition men to do with less water by progressively reducing their water supplies during training. They called it water discipline. It caused hundreds of heat casualties.

A key factor in desert survival is understanding the relationship between physical activity, air temperature, and water consumption. The body requires a certain amount of water for a certain level of activity at a certain temperature. for example, a person perfor ming hard work in the sun at 43 degrees C requires 19 liters of water daily. Lack of the required amount of water causes a rapid decline in an individual’s ability to make decisions and to perfor m tasks efficiently.

You r body’s normal temperature is 36.9 degrees C (98.6 degrees F). You r body gets rid of excess heat (cools off) by sweating. The warmer You r body becomes-whether caused by work, exercise, or air temperature-the more You sweat. The more You sweat, the more moisture You lose. Sweating is the principal cause of water loss. If a person stops sweating during periods of high air temperature and heavy work or exercise, he will quickly develop heat stroke. This is an emergency that requires immediate medical attention.

Figure 13-2 shows daily water requirements for various levels of work. Understanding how the air temperature and You r physical activity affect You r water requirements allows You to take measures to get the most from You r water supply. These measures are -

Find shade! Get out of the sun!
Place something between You and the hot ground.
Limit You r movements!
Conserve You r sweat. Wear You r complete unifor m to include T-shirt. Roll the sleeves down, cover You r head, and protect You r neck with a scarf or similar item. These steps will protect You r body from hot-blowing winds and the direct rays of the sun. You r clothing will absorb You r sweat, keeping it against You r skin so that You gain its full cooling effect. By staying in the shade quietly, fully clothed, not talking, keeping You r mouth closed, and breathing through You r nose, You r water requirement for survival drops dramatically.
If water is scarce, do not eat. Food requires water for digestion; therefor e, eating food will use water that You need for cooling.

Thirst is not a reliable guide for You r need for water. A person who uses thirst as a guide will drink only two-thirds of his daily water requirement. To prevent this "voluntary" dehydration, use the following guide:

At temperatures below 38 degrees C, drink 0.5 liter of water every hour.
At temperatures above 38 degrees C, drink 1 liter of water every hour.

Drinking water at regular intervals helps You r body remain cool and decreases sweating. Even when You r water supply is low, sipping water constantly will keep You r body cooler and reduce water loss through sweating. Conserve You r fluids by reducing activity during the heat of day. Do not ration You r water! If You try to ration water, You stand a good chance of becoming a heat casualty.

HEAT CASUALTIES

You r chances of becoming a heat casualty as a survivor are great, due to injury, stress, and lack of critical items of equipment. Following are the major types of heat casualties and their treatment when little water and no medical help are available.

Heat Cramps

The loss of salt due to excessive sweating causes heat cramps. Symptoms are moderate to severe muscle cramps in legs, arms, or abdomen. These symptoms may start as a mild muscular discomfor t. You should now stop all activity, get in the shade, and drink water. If You fail to recognize the early symptoms and continue You r physical activity, You will have severe muscle cramps and pain. Treat as for heat exhaustion, below.

Heat Exhaustion

A large loss of body water and salt causes heat exhaustion. Symptoms are headache, mental confusion, irritability, excessive sweating, weakness, dizziness, cramps, and pale, moist, cold (clammy) skin. Immediately get the patient under shade. Make him lie on a stretcher or similar item about 45 centimeters off the ground. Loosen his clothing. Sprinkle him with water and fan him. Have him drink small amounts of water every 3 minutes. Ensure he stays quiet and rests.

Heat Stroke

A severe heat injury caused by extreme loss of water and salt and the body’s inability to cool itself. The patient may die if not cooled immediately. Symptoms are the lack of sweat, hot and dry skin, headache, dizziness, fast pulse, nausea and vomiting, and mental confusion leading to unconsciousness. Immediately get the person to shade. Lay him on a stretcher or similar item about 45 centimeters off the ground. Loosen his clothing. Pour water on him (it does not matter if the water is polluted or brackish) and fan him. Massage his arms, legs, and body. If he regains consciousness, let him drink small amounts of water every 3 minutes.

PRECAUTIONS

In a desert survival and evasion situation, it is unlikely that You will have a medic or medical supplies with You to treat heat injuries. Therefor e, take extra care to avoid heat injuries. Rest during the day. Work during the cool evenings and nights. Use a buddy system to watch for heat injury, and observe the following guidelines:

Make sure You tell someone where You are going and when You will return.
Watch for signs of heat injury. If someone complains of tiredness or wanders away from the group, he may be a heat casualty.
Drink water at least once an hour.
Get in the shade when resting; do not lie directly on the ground.
Do not take off You r shirt and work during the day.
Check the color of You r urine. A light color means You are drinking enough water, a dark color means You need to drink more.

DESERT HAZARDS

There are several hazards unique to desert survival. These include insects, snakes, thorned plants and cacti, contaminated water, sunburn, eye irritation, and climatic stress.

Insects of almost every type abound in the desert. Man, as a source of water and food, attracts lice, mites, wasps, and flies. They are extremely unpleasant and may carry diseases. Old buildings, ruins, and caves are favorite habitats of spiders, scorpions, centipedes, lice, and mites. These areas provide protection from the elements and also attract other wild-life. Therefor e, take extra care when staying in These areas. Wear gloves at all times in the desert. Do not place You r hands anywhere without first looking to see what is there. Visually inspect an area befor e sitting or lying down. When You get up, shake out and inspect You r boots and clothing. All desert areas have snakes. They inhabit ruins, native villages, garbage dumps,caves, and natural rock outcropping that offer shade. Never go barefoot or walk through These areas without carefully inspecting them for snakes. Pay attention to where You place You r feet and hands. Most snake bites result from stepping on or handling snakes. Avoid them. Once You see a snake, give it a wide berth.

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The Ultralight Traveller's Guide | Desert Survival - Part Two